실체파 규모 문서 원본 보기

{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
'''실체파 규모'''(Body Wave Magnitude Scale)란 [[지진]]이 발생한 후 발생하는 [[지진파]]인 실체파 (P파, S파)'''를''' 통해 계산하는 [[지진 규모]]의 종류이다. 보통 P파만 활용하지만 실체파 규모의 종류인  M<sub>bs</sub>와 같이 S파로 측정하는 단위도 존재한다. 실체파는 단단한 암반을 직접 통과해 전파되며 실체파 규모의 종류는 아래와 같다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Havskov|Ottemöller|2009|p=17}}.</ref>

== 종류 ==
[[파일:USGS-FS017-03_madrid.jpg|250px|섬네일|북아메리카에서 [[로키산맥]] 동부 지각 성질의 차이로 지진이 더 증폭된다. 예를 들어 오른쪽의 1895년 [[뉴마드리드 지진대]] 지진은 M6대 규모로 북아메리카의 거의 절반 지역에서 지진을 감지했지만, 왼쪽에 그려진 1994년 일어난 캘리포니아 [[노스리지 지진]]은 M<sub>w</sub>6.7 규모로 뉴마드리드 지진보다 더 강력하지만 본 지진을 느낀 지역은 훨씬 작다.]]

=== mB 규모 ===
최초로 나온 실체파 규모는 '''mB'''나 '''m<sub>B</sub>''' 등 대문자 B를 사용해 표기하며, [[베노 구텐베르크]]<ref>{{harvs|last=Gutenberg|year=1945b|year2=1945c}}</ref>와 찰스 릭터<ref>{{Harvtxt|Gutenberg|Richter|1956}}</ref>가 표면파 사용이 가지고 있는 M<sub>L</sub> 규모의 거리 및 크기 한계를 극복하기 위해 처음 개발하였다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bormann|Wendt|Di Giacomo|2013|p=37}}; {{Harvnb|Havskov|Ottemöller|2009|loc=§6.5}}. See also {{Harvnb|Abe|1981}}.</ref> mB 규모는 P파와 S파를 기반으로 더 긴 주기로 계산하며 규모 M8 정도까지는 포화 현상이 일어나지 않는다. 하지만 규모 M5.5보다 작은 지진에 대해서는 민감하지 않다는 단점이 있다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Havskov|Ottemöller|2009|p=191}}.</ref> 극초기에 정의한 mB 규모는 현대 들어 보통 사용하지 않으며,<ref>{{Harvnb|Bormann|Saul|2009|p=2482}}.</ref> 표준화된 mB<sub>BB</sub> 규모를 대신 사용한다.<ref>MNSOP-2/IASPEI {{Harvnb|IS 3.3|2014|loc=§4.2}}, pp. 15–16.</ref>

구텐베르크와 릭터가 처음 개발한 실체파 규모 공식은 아래와 같다. 여기서 A는 실체파의 최대 진폭, T는 그 주기, B는 진원 깊이 h와 진원과의 거리 Δ간의 함수이다.
: <math> M_B = \log_{10} \left(\frac{A}{T}\right) + B (\Delta, h) </math>

=== mb 규모 ===
'''mb''' 혹은 '''m<sub>b</sub>''' 규모(m, b 둘 다 소문자)는 mB와 유사하지만 특정 단주기 지진계에서는 처음 수 초 동안 계측한 P파만 사용한다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kanamori|1983|pp=189, 196}}; {{Harvnb|Chung|Bernreuter|1980|p=5}}.</ref> 1960년대 [[세계 표준 지진계 측정망]](WWSSN)의 설립과 함께 짧은 시간 내에 더 많은 작은 흔들림 사건을 감지하고 지각에서 일어난 지진과 지하 [[핵폭발]]을 구별하는 목적에서 도입하였다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bormann|Wendt|Di Giacomo|2013|pp=37,39}}; {{Harvtxt|Bolt|1993|pp=88–93}} examines this at length.</ref>

mb의 측정 방법은 여러 차례 바뀌었다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bormann|Wendt|Di Giacomo|2013|p=103}}.</ref> 1945년 구테베르크가 처음 도입한 mb 측정 방법은 처음 10초 혹은 그 이상만큼 기록된 지진파의 최대 진폭에 기초했다. 하지만 흔들림의 주기 또한 규모에 영향을 받았다. USGS/NEIC가 막 나오기 시작한 초기에는 지진이 감지된 첫 1초, 즉 P파의 짧은 순간만을 가지고 측정했지만,<ref>IASPEI {{Harvnb|IS 3.3|2014|p=18}}.</ref> 1978년 이후부터는 첫 진동 감지로부터 20초간 지진파를 측정한다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nuttli|1983|p=104}}; {{Harvnb|Bormann|Wendt|Di Giacomo|2013|p=103}}.</ref> 현대에 와서는 3초 이내에 단주기 mb 규모를 측정하며, 광대역 주기의 mBB<sub>BB</sub> 규모는 최대 30초간 지진파를 측정해 계산한다.<ref>IASPEI/NMSOP-2 {{Harvnb|IS 3.2|2013|p=8}}.</ref>

=== mb<sub>Lg</sub> 규모 ===
국지적인 '''mb<sub>Lg</sub>''' 규모는 '''mb_Lg''', '''mbLg''', '''MLg''' (USGS), '''Mn''', '''m<sub>N</sub>''' 등으로도 표기하며 기존의 M<sub>L</sub> 규모가 로키산맥 동쪽의 [[북아메리카]] 전역에서 적용할 수 없다는 문제를 해결하기 위해 1973년 오토 너틀리가 개발한 규모이다.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Nuttli|1973}}</ref> 원래 M<sub>L</sub> 규모는 캘리포니아 남부 지역에서 개발된 단위로 [[현무암]]이나 [[퇴적암]]질의 해양 지각이 대륙 지각 아래에 섭입하고 있는 지형에서 잘 맞는 척도이다. 반면 로키산맥 동쪽은 대체로 두껍고 안정되어 있는 대륙 지각괴로 주로 [[화강암]]이며 단단한 암석이라 지진학적 특성이 다르다. 로키산맥 동쪽 지역에서 M<sub>L</sub> 규모를 그대로 사용하면 비정상적인 결과가 도출된다.

너틀리는 이 문제를 1초 이하의 단주기 Lg파의 진폭을 측정하여 해결하였다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bormann|Wendt|Di Giacomo|2013|loc=§3.2.4.4}}. The "g" subscript refers to the granitic layer through which L<sub>g</sub> waves propagate.  {{Harvnb|Chen|Pomeroy|1980|p=4}}.  See also J. R. Kayal, "Seismic Waves and Earthquake Location", [http://escweb.wr.usgs.gov/share/mooney/SriL.II2.pdf here], page 5.</ref> Lg파는 [[표면파]]인 [[러브파]]의 복잡한 형태이지만 너틀리는 일반적인 표면파 규모인 M<sub>s</sub> 규모보다 mb 규모에 더 가까운 결과가 나타난다는 점을 발견했다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nuttli|1973|p=881}}.</ref> Lg파는 해양 지역에서는 빠르게 감쇄되지만 화강암질 대륙 지각괴에서는 잘 전파되기 때문에 Mb<sub>Lg</sub> 규모는 안정된 대륙 지각괴 지역의 지진 측정에 주로 사용한다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bormann|Wendt|Di Giacomo|2013|loc=§3.2.4.4}}.</ref>

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

== 참고 문헌 ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} {{참고 자료 시작}}
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*{{인용|last1=Gutenberg|first1=B.|title=Magnitude and energy of earthquakes|date=1956|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/43574/1/Gutenberg_1956.pdf|journal=Annali di Geofisica|volume=9|pages=1–15|last2=Richter|first2=C. F.}}

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*{{인용|last=Hough|first=S.E.|title=Richter's scale: measure of an earthquake, measure of a man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvmDeAxEiO8C&pg=PA121|year=2007|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12807-8|access-date=10 December 2011}}.

*{{인용|last1=Hutton|first1=L. K.|title=The ''M''<sub>L</sub> scale in Southern California|date=December 1987|url=http://gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/people_personal_assets/kanamori/HKnat78.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=271|pages=411–414|bibcode=1978Natur.271..411K|doi=10.1038/271411a0|last2=Boore|first2=David M.|issue=5644|s2cid=4185100}}.

*{{인용|last1=Hutton|first1=Kate|title=Earthquake Monitoring in Southern California for Seventy-Seven Years (1932—2008)|date=April 2010|url=http://scedc.caltech.edu/about/BSSA_2010_Hutton_SCSN_cat.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=100|issue=1|pages=423–446|doi=10.1785/0120090130|last2=Woessner|first2=Jochen|last3=Haukson|first3=Egill}}

*{{인용|last1=Johnston|first1=A.|title=Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions – II. Historical seismicity|date=1996|journal=Geophysical Journal International|volume=125|issue=3|pages=639–678|bibcode=1996GeoJI.125..639J|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1996.tb06015.x|doi-access=free}}.

*{{인용|last1=Kanamori|first1=H.|title=The energy release in great earthquakes|date=July 10, 1977|url=http://gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/people_personal_assets/kanamori/HKjgr77.pdf|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=82|issue=20|pages=2981–2987|bibcode=1977JGR....82.2981K|doi=10.1029/JB082i020p02981}}.

*{{인용|last1=Kanamori|first1=H.|title=Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake|date=April 1983|url=http://gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/people_personal_assets/kanamori/HKtect83b.pdf|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=93|issue=3–4|pages=185–199|bibcode=1983Tectp..93..185K|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1}}.

*{{인용|last1=Katsumata|first1=A.|title=Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.|date=June 1996|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=86|issue=3|pages=832–842|doi=10.1785/BSSA0860030832|s2cid=130279928}}.

*{{인용|last1=Makris|first1=N.|title=Evaluation of Peak Ground Velocity as a "Good" Intensity Measure for Near-Source Ground Motions|date=September 2004|journal=Journal of Engineering Mechanics|volume=130|issue=9|pages=1032–1044|doi=10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2004)130:9(1032)|last2=Black|first2=C. J.}}.

*{{인용|last1=Musson|first1=R. M.|title=New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)|date=2012|url=http://bib.telegrafenberg.de/publizieren/vertrieb/nmsop/|editor1-last=Bormann|chapter=Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales|chapter-url=http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:43219:11/component/escidoc:916905/Chapter_12_rev1.pdf|doi=10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12|last2=Cecić|first2=I.|access-date=2021-06-29|archive-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804200233/http://bib.telegrafenberg.de/publizieren/vertrieb/nmsop/|url-status=dead}}.

*{{인용|last1=Nuttli|first1=O. W.|title=Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America|date=10 February 1973|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=78|issue=5|pages=876–885|bibcode=1973JGR....78..876N|doi=10.1029/JB078i005p00876}}.

*{{인용|last1=Nuttli|first1=O. W.|title=Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes|date=April 1983|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=73|issue=2|pages=519–535}}.

*{{인용|last1=Rautian|first1=T. G.|title=Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales|date=November–December 2007|url=http://srl.geoscienceworld.org/content/gssrl/78/6/579.full.pdf|journal=Seismological Research Letters|volume=78|issue=6|pages=579–590|doi=10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579|last2=Khalturin|first2=V. I.|last3=Fujita|first3=K.|last4=Mackey|first4=K. G.|last5=Kendall|first5=A. D.}}.

*{{인용|last1=Rautian|first1=T.|title=24th Seismic Research Review – Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration|date=September 2002|chapter=Developing Composite Regional Catalogs of the Seismicity of the Former Soviet Union.|chapter-url=http://l2a.ucsd.edu/local/Meetings/2002_SRR/screen/01-18.pdf|place=Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida|last2=Leith|first2=W. S.|access-date=2022-09-07|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922045455/https://l2a.ucsd.edu/local/Meetings/2002_SRR/screen/01-18.pdf|url-status=}}.

*{{인용|last1=Richter|first1=C. F.|title=An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale|date=January 1935|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/47921/1/1.full%20(1).pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1–32|doi=10.1785/BSSA0250010001|author-link=Charles F. Richter|access-date=2022-09-07|archive-date=2018-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710125050/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/47921/1/1.full%20(1).pdf|url-status=}}.

*{{인용|last1=Spence|first1=W.|title=Measuring the size of an Earthquake|date=1989|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039068/report.pdf|journal=Earthquakes and Volcanoes|volume=21|issue=1|pages=58–63|last2=Sipkin|first2=S. A.|last3=Choy|first3=G. L.}}.

*{{인용|last1=Stover|first1=C. W.|title=Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised)|date=1993|url=http://dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usgs/p/text/p1527.pdf|series=U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527|last2=Coffman|first2=J. L.}}.
{{참고 자료 끝}} {{div col end}}

{{지진 이론}}

[[분류:지진 등급]]